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<p>For over a century, hydropower has driven global development by generating affordable and reliable electricity. It accounts for 14% of global power generation and is the largest contributor to renewable energy (in 2023, wind generated 7.8% of global electricity and solar 5.5%). Hydropower generation supports the integration of non-dispatchable renewables like solar and wind by offering balancing and flexibility services. What are the key challenges faced by hydropower as a mature dispatchable renewable technology? What are the benefits of upgrading existing hydropower infrastructure compared to developing new facilities? How can ongoing technological innovation and material research improve hydropower generation? How will future capacity factors depend on a power system&rsquo;s hydropower and grid flexibility strategy.</p>
