<p>The signatories of the 2015 Paris Agreement submitted &lsquo;nationally determined contributions&rsquo; (NDCs), their individual and voluntary planned actions to reduce emissions and otherwise tackle climate change, with the intention to achieve the Paris aspiration of limiting warming to no more than 1.5&deg;c by 2100. Five years after the Agreement, the deadline is approaching to review and update the NDCs.</p>

<p>How does the review process work? How ambitious and achievable are the existing NDCs, and how are they likely to be upgraded? What would the impact of existing and new NDCs be on energy production and demand? And what will the current round of NDC updates bring in the process of climate diplomacy?</p>
