<p>As a key event in the global climate calendar, the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), hosted by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) in Dubai, was tasked with conducting the first official assessment of the world&rsquo;s progress under the Paris Agreement (PA) and identifying remaining challenges. The conference was able to conclude this &ldquo;Global Stocktake&rdquo; (GST) and notably, also set up the previously highly contested Loss and Damage (L&amp;D) Fund on its first day. However, despite these significant achievements, the overall success of COP28 was mixed given that several negotiation topics either did not achieve outcomes at all or the results were perceived as weak and unsatisfactory. This paper, on the outcomes of COP28, builds on the analysis presented in the Al-Attiyah Foundation&rsquo;s November paper,1 which provided a detailed background on COP28 with a focus on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region.</p>
