<p>Energy efficiency relates to the level of energy consumed for a given output. On a macro-economic level, energy intensity is<br />
used as a proxy for energy efficiency, which is related to the overall economic output, such as the GDP1. Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement, there hasn&rsquo;t been a shift in terms of global evolution of energy intensity. COVID-19 and the energy crisis set on by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, climaxed the energy efficiency rate globally to 2%, however, this value tumbled to 1.3% again in 20232. With the GDP dependent on fossil fuel export for the main hydrocarbon exporting countries, the related fossil fuel subsidies do not give an incentive to energy efficiency measures. What is energy efficiency? What is the status quo on energy efficiency globally? What are the challenges and opportunities in the MENA region?</p>
